5th Edition Geology Glossary Pdf
ALEXANDRIA, VA - The American Geological Institute (AGI) announces the publication of the fifth edition of the Glossary of Geology. This book has served as an important resource to geoscientists in all fields. The fifth edition, edited by Klaus K.E. Neuendorf, James P. Mehl, Jr. and Julia A. Jackson, reflects advances in scientific thought and changes in word usage.
Of the 40,000 entries, approximately 3,600 are new additions, and 13,000 entries have been updated, providing the most comprehensive set of geological terms in publication. Many definitions include a syllabification guide and background information, as well as helpful resources for a variety of problems, such as look-alike pairs; for example, the difference between sylvanite (a mineral) and sylvinite (a rock). The reference also indicates the origins of terms, the meaning of abbreviations and acronyms common in geoscience vocabulary, dates of first recorded usage of a term, prefix meanings, as well as the preferred term of two or more synonyms.
The authority of the fifth edition, like those before it, rests on the expertise of geoscientists from many specialties who have added new terms, reviewed definitions and cited references using those terms. Their contributions make the Glossary of Geology an essential reference work for everyone who works in or with geoscience information.
Microsoft Computer Dictionary 5th Edition.pdf - Google Drive. The subjects of this dictionary are most of geological terms but there are many terms that also related with geophysics, biology, astrophysics, and geography. Geology is an interesting subject in knowing history of Earth creation, creature evolution, ancient Earth life and Earth condition in the past; even find mine, coal, also oil deposit.
- Edited by Klaus K.E. Neuendorf, James P. Mehl, Jr., and Julia A. Jackson AGI is proud to feature this Fifth REVISED edition of the Glossary of Geology. This indispensable reference tool contains nearly 40,000 entries, including 3,600 new terms and nearly 13,000 entries with revised definitions from the previous edition.
- If you find this glossary useful and valuable, we encourage you to support one of the endowment funds, such as the Gibbs Fund for hydrogeologic research and education or the Oliver Lectureship Fund in Texas Hydrology and Water Resources, of the Geology Foundation that helps make this glossary and other such products possible.
- The fifth edition of the Glossary of Geology contains nearly 40,000 entries, including 3.600 new terms and nearly 13,000 entries with revised definitions from the previous edition.
The fifth edition of the Glossary of Geology (ISBN#: 922152-76-4) is a 779-page hardcover text, available now. List price is $99.95, $79.95 for AGI Member Society Members. Please add an additional $13.25 for postage and handling costs in the contiguous United States. Orders to addresses in Maryland and Virginia are subject to sales tax. All orders must be prepaid. Please make your check or money order drawn on a U.S. bank in funds payable to the American Geological Institute. AGI also accepts VISA and MasterCard. Orders are sent by UPS Standard Service, and take two to three weeks for delivery. To determine overseas shipping costs, obtain additional information, or to order, contact the AGI Publications Department at www.agiweb.org/pubs, or by mail, telephone, fax or email to pubs@agiweb.org.
The American Geological Institute is a nonprofit federation of 43 scientific and professional associations that represent more than 120,000 geologists, geophysicists, and other earth scientists. Founded in 1948, AGI provides information services to geoscientists, serves as a voice of shared interests in our profession, plays a major role in strengthening geoscience education, and strives to increase public awareness of the vital role the geosciences play in society's use of resources and interaction with the environment. More information about AGI can be found at .
PDF 2015 – ISBN-10: 039393750X – Earth: Portrait of a Planet (5th Edition) By Stephen Marshak # 3064
2015 | | 984 pages | PDF | 209 MB
Helping you teach What a Geologist Sees.
The Fifth Edition of this bestselling textbook features stunning art, the most up-to-date science, and a wealth of online learning tools, all developed under the critical eyes of Stephen Marshak. Heavily revised with remarkably detailed photographs, animations, and maps, the text offers rich and engaging pedagogy, an expanded chapter on energy, and coverage of recent global events, from Hurricane Sandy and the Washington Landslide to Typhoon Haiyan and the Japanese Tsunami.
Brief Contents
Preface • xxi
See for Yourself: Using Google Earth™ • xxiv
PRELUDE And Just What Is Geology? • 1
PART I Our Island in Space
CHAPTER 1 Cosmology and the Birth of Earth • 12
CHAPTER 2 Journey to the Center of the Earth • 36
CHAPTER 3 Drifting Continents and Spreading Seas • 61
CHAPTER 4 The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics • 86
PART II Earth Materials
CHAPTER 5 Patterns in Nature: Minerals • 116
INTERLUDE A Introducing Rocks • 141
CHAPTER 6 Up from the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks • 152
INTERLUDE B A Surface Veneer: Sediments and Soils • 183
CHAPTER 7 Pages of Earth’s Past: Sedimentary Rocks • 202
CHAPTER 8 Metamorphism: A Process of Change • 233
INTERLUDE C The Rock Cycle in the Earth System • 261
PART III Tectonic Activity of a Dynamic Planet
CHAPTER 9 The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions • 272
CHAPTER 10 A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes • 312
INTERLUDE D The Earth’s Interior, Revisited: Seismic Layering, Gravity, and the Magnetic Field • 359
CHAPTER 11 Crags, Cracks, and Crumples: Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building • 379
PART IV History before History
INTERLUDE E Memories of Past Life: Fossils and Evolution • 418
CHAPTER 12 Deep Time: How Old Is Old? • 434
CHAPTER 13 A Biography of Earth • 467
PART V Earth Resources
CHAPTER 14 Squeezing Power from a Stone: Energy Resources • 504
CHAPTER 15 Riches in Rock: Mineral Resources • 545
PART VI Processes and Problems at the Earth’s Surface
INTERLUDE F Ever-Changing Landscapes and the Hydrologic Cycle • 572
CHAPTER 16 Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass Movements • 586
CHAPTER 17 Streams and Floods: The Geology of Running Water • 614
CHAPTER 18 Restless Realm: Oceans and Coasts • 655
CHAPTER 19 A Hidden Reserve: Groundwater • 694
CHAPTER 20 An Envelope of Gas: Earth’s Atmosphere and Climate • 728
CHAPTER 21 Dry Regions: The Geology of Deserts • 768
CHAPTER 22 Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages • 795
CHAPTER 23 Global Change in the Earth System • 838
Appendix: Additional Maps and Charts • A-1
Glossary • G-1
Credits • C-1
Index • I-1
WHAT A GEOLOGIST SEES
The Concept of Transform Faulting, Fig. 4.13a • 99
Hot-Spot Volcano Track, Fig. 4.17d • 103
Rifting, Fig. 4.18d • 104
Basalt Sill in Antarctica, Fig. 6.12c • 165
Dike near Shiprock, NM, Fig. 6.13a • 166
New York Palisades, Ft6.1 • 182
Grand Canyon, Fig. 7.2c • 205
Crossbeds, Fig. 7.15d • 220
Deposits of an Ancient River Channel, Fig. 7.18e • 225
Displacement on the San Andreas Fault, Fig. 10.4a • 317
Displacement and Fault Zone, Fig. 11.10a • 392
Slip on a Thrust Fault, Fig. 11.10b • 392
The San Andreas Fault, Fig. 11.10c • 392
Horsts and Grabens, Fig. 11.13e • 394
Train of Folds, Fig. 11.15d • 396
Plunging Anticline, Fig. 11.15e • 396
Flexural-Slip Fold, Fig. 11.16a • 397
Passive Fold, Fig. 11.16b • 397
Ramp Anticline, Fig. 11.17d • 398
Slaty Cleavage, Fig. 11.18b • 399
Horizontal Sandstone Beds, Fig. 12.4c • 439
Chilled Margin, Fig. 12.4g • 440
Unconformity in Scotland, Fig. 12.8a • 443
Unconformity in a Roadcut, Fig. 12.8b • 443
New York Outcrop, Ft. 12.1 • 466
Missouri Outcrop, Ft. 12.2 • 466
Topographic Profile, Fig. BxF.1e • 575
The Oso, Washington Mudslide, Fig. 16.5b • 593
Drainage Basins on a Ridge, Fig. 17.5b • 619
Floodplain in Utah, Fig. 17.17c • 630
Desert Pavement, Arizona, Fig. 21.20b • 787
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE
Forming the Planets and the Earth-Moon System,
Chapter 1 • 30–31
The Earth from Surface to Center, Chapter 2 • 56–57
Magnetic Reversals and Marine Magnetic Anomalies,
Chapter 3 • 80–81
The Theory of Plate Tectonics, Chapter 4 • 108–109
Formation of Igneous Rocks, Chapter 6 • 171
Weathering, Sediment, and Soil Production,
Interlude B • 192–193
The Formation of Sedimentary Rocks, Chapter 7 • 222–223
Environments of Metamorphism, Chapter 8 • 254–255
Rock-Forming Environments and the Rock Cycle,
Interlude C • 266–267
Volcanoes, Chapter 9 • 286–287
Faulting in the Crust, Chapter 10 • 320–321
The Collision of India with Asia, Chapter 11 • 402–403
The Record in Rocks: Reconstructing Geologic History,
Chapter 12 • 454–455
The Earth has a History, Chapter 13 • 498–499
Power from the Earth, Chapter 14 • 536–537
Forming and Processing Earth’s Mineral Resources,
Chapter 15 • 562–563
The Hydrologic Cycle, Interlude F • 580–581
Mass Movement, Chapter 16 • 602–603
River Systems, Chapter 17 • 642–643
Oceans and Coasts, Chapter 18 • 684–685
Caves and Karst Landscapes, Chapter 19 • 724–725
The Desert Realm, Chapter 21 • 784–785
Glaciers and Glacial Landforms, Chapter 22 • 820–821
The Earth System, Chapter 23 • 840–841
Special Features
Contents
Preface • xxi
See for Yourself: Using Google Earth™ • xxiv
PRELUDE
And Just What Is Geology? • 1
P.1 In Search of Ideas • 2
P.2 The Nature of Geology • 3
P.3 Themes of This Book • 5
BOX P.1 Consider This
The Scientific Method • 8
PART I
Our Island in Space
CHAPTER 1
Cosmology and the Birth of Earth • 12
1.1 Introduction • 13
1.2 An Image of Our Universe • 13
BOX 1.1 Science Toolbox
Force and Energy • 16
BOX 1.2 Consider This
How Do We Know That the Earth Rotates? • 20
1.3 Forming the Universe • 21
BOX 1.3 Science Toolbox
Atoms, Molecules, and the Energy They Contain • 24
1.4 We Are All Made of Stardust • 26
Geology at a Glance
Forming the Planets and the Earth-Moon System • 30–31
End-of-chapter material • 33
x Contents
CHAPTER 2
Journey to the Center of the Earth • 36
2.1 Introduction • 37
2.2 Welcome to the Neighborhood • 37
BOX 2.1 Consider This
Comets and Asteroids—The Other Stuff of the Solar System • 39
2.3 Basic Characteristics of the Earth • 43
2.4 How Do We Know That the Earth Has Layers? • 47
2.5 What Are the Layers Made of? • 49
BOX 2.2 Consider This
Meteorites: Clues to What’s Inside • 50
2.6 The Lithosphere and Asthenosphere • 53
BOX 2.3 Science Toolbox
Heat and Heat Transfer • 54
Geology at a Glance
The Earth from Surface to Center • 56–57
End-of-chapter material • 58
CHAPTER 3
Drifting Continents and Spreading Seas • 61
3.1 Introduction • 62
5th Edition Geology Glossary Pdf Template
3.2 Wegener’s Evidence for Continental Drift • 63
3.3 Paleomagnetism—Proving Continents Move • 67
BOX 3.1 Consider This
Finding Paleopoles • 71
3.4 The Discovery of Seafl oor Spreading • 72
3.5 Evidence for Seafl oor Spreading • 76
Geology at a Glance
Magnetic Reversals and Marine Magnetic Anomalies • 80–81
End-of-chapter material • 83
CHAPTER 4
The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics • 86
4.1 Introduction • 87
4.2 What Do We Mean by Plate Tectonics? • 87
BOX 4.1 Consider This
Archimedes’ Principle of Buoyancy • 90
4.3 Divergent-Plate Boundaries and Seafl oor Spreading • 92
4.4 Convergent-Plate Boundaries and Subduction • 96
4.5 Transform-Plate Boundaries • 98
4.6 Special Locations in the Plate Mosaic • 100
4.7 How Do Plate Boundaries Form, and How Do They Die? • 102
4.8 Moving Plates • 106
BLACK SEA
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
Anatolian Plate
Geology at a Glance
The Theory of Plate Tectonics • 108–109
End-of-chapter material • 112
PART II
Earth Materials
CHAPTER 5
Patterns in Nature: Minerals • 116
5.1 Introduction • 117
5.2 What Is a Mineral? • 118
BOX 5.1 Science Toolbox
Some Basic Concepts from Chemistry—A Quick Review • 120
5.3 Beauty in Patterns: Crystals and Their Structure • 122
5.4 How Can You Tell One Mineral from Another? • 127
5.5 Organizing Knowledge: Mineral Classification • 129
BOX 5.2 Consider This
Asbestos and Health: When Crystal Habit Matters! • 132
5.6 Something Precious—Gems! • 134
BOX 5.3 Consider This
Where Do Diamonds Come From? • 135
End-of-chapter material • 138
INTERLUDE A
Introducing Rocks • 141
A.1 Introduction • 141
A.2 What Is Rock? • 142
A.3 The Basis of Rock Classification • 144
A.4 Studying Rock • 147
CHAPTER 6
Up from the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks • 152
6.1 Introduction • 153
6.2 Why Do Melts Form? • 153
6.3 What Is Molten Rock Made of? • 158
6.4 Movement and Solidification of Molten Rock • 159
6.5 Comparing Extrusive and Intrusive Environments • 162
BOX 6.1 Consider This
Bowen’s Reaction Series • 164
6.6 How Do You Describe an Igneous Rock? • 166
Geology at a Glance
Formation of Igneous Rocks • 171
6.7 Plate Tectonic Context of Igneous Activity • 174
End-of-chapter material • 180
INTERLUDE B
A Surface Veneer: Sediments and Soils • 183
B.1 Introduction • 183
B.2 Weathering: Forming Sediment • 185
Geology at a Glance
Weathering, Sediment, and Soil Production • 192–193
B.3 Soil • 195
CHAPTER 7
Pages of Earth’s Past: Sedimentary Rocks • 202
7.1 Introduction • 203
7.2 Classes of Sedimentary Rocks • 203
7.3 Sedimentary Structures • 215
7.4 How Do We Recognize Depositional Environments? • 220
Geology at a Glance
The Formation of Sedimentary Rocks • 222–223
7.5 Sedimentary Basins • 228
End-of-chapter material 230
CHAPTER 8
Metamorphism: A Process of Change • 233
8.1 Introduction • 234
8.2 Consequences and Causes of Metamorphism • 235
8.3 Types of Metamorphic Rocks • 241
8.4 Defi ning Metamorphic Intensity • 245
BOX 8.1 Consider This
Metamorphic Facies • 248
8.5 Where Does Metamorphism Occur? • 249
BOX 8.2 Consider This
Pottery Making—An Analog for Thermal Metamorphism • 252
Geology at a Glance
Environments of Metamorphism • 254–255
End-of-chapter material • 258
INTERLUDE C
The Rock Cycle in the Earth System • 261
C.1 Introduction • 262
C.2 Pathways through the Rock Cycle • 262
Metamorphic rock, Utah
Sedimentary strata, Utah
Igneous rock forming, Hawaii
C.3 A Case Study of the Rock Cycle • 263
C.4 Cycles of the Earth System • 265
Geology at a Glance
Rock-Forming Environments and the Rock Cycle • 266-267
PART I I I
Tectonic Activity of a Dynamic Planet
CHAPTER 9
The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions • 272
9.1 Introduction • 273
9.2 The Products of Volcanic Eruptions • 275
9.3 Structure and Eruptive Style • 282
Geology at a Glance
Volcanoes • 286–287
BOX 9.1 Consider This
Volcanic Explosions to Remember • 290
9.4 Geologic Settings of Volcanism • 292
9.5 Beware: Volcanoes Are Hazards! • 298
9.6 Protection from Vulcan’s Wrath • 302
9.7 Effect of Volcanoes on Climate and Civilization • 305
9.8 Volcanoes on Other Planets • 309
End-of-chapter material • 309
CHAPTER 10
A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes • 312
10.1 Introduction • 313
10.2 What Causes Earthquakes? • 315
Geology at a Glance
Faulting in the Crust • 320–321
10.3 Seismic Waves and Their Measurement • 323
10.4 Defining the “Size” of Earthquakes • 328
10.5 Where and Why Do Earthquakes Occur? • 332
10.6 How Do Earthquakes Cause Damage? • 338
BOX 10.1 Consider This
The 2010 Haiti Catastrophe • 348
10.7 Can We Predict the “Big One”? • 350
10.8 Earthquake Engineering and Zoning • 354
BOX 10.2 Consider This
When Earthquake Waves Resonate—Beware! • 355
End-of-chapter material • 356
INTERLUDE D
The Earth’s Interior, Revisited:
Seismic Layering, Gravity, and the Magnetic Field • 359
D.1 Introduction • 360
D.2 The Basis for Seismic Study of the Interior • 360
D.3 Results from Seismic Study of Earth’s Interior • 362
BOX D.1 Consider This
Resolving the Details of Earth’s Interior with EarthScope • 370
D.4 Earth’s Gravity • 372
D.5 Earth’s Magnetic Field, Revisited • 375
CHAPTER 11
Crags, Cracks, and Crumples:
Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building • 379
11.1 Introduction • 380
11.2 Rock Deformation in the Earth’s Crust • 382
11.3 Brittle Structures • 387
BOX 11.1 Consider This
Describing the Orientation of Geologic Structures • 388
11.4 Folds and Foliations • 393
11.5 Causes of Mountain Building • 400
Geology at a Glance
The Collision of India with Asia • 402–403
11.6 Mountain Topography • 405
11.7 Basins and Domes in Cratons • 409
11.8 Life Story of a Mountain Range: A Case Study • 412
End-of-chapter material • 413
PART IV
History before History
INTERLUDE E
Memories of Past Life: Fossils and Evolution • 418
E.1 The Discovery of Fossils • 418
E.2 Fossilization • 420
E.3 Taxonomy and Identifi cation • 425
E.4 The Fossil Record • 428
E.5 Evolution and Extinction • 430
CHAPTER 12
Deep Time: How Old Is Old? • 434
12.1 Introduction • 435
BOX 12.1 Consider This
Time: A Human Obsession • 436
12.2 The Concept of Geologic Time • 436
12.3 Geologic Principles Used for Defining Relative Age • 438
12.4 Unconformities: Gaps in the Record • 442
12.5 Stratigraphic Formations and Their Correlation • 445
12.6 The Geologic Column • 449
12.7 How Do We Determine Numerical Ages? • 453
Geology at a Glance
The Record in Rocks: Reconstructing Geologic History • 454–455
BOX 12.1 Consider This
Carbon-14 Dating • 457
12.8 Numerical Ages and Geologic Time • 460
End-of-chapter material • 464
CHAPTER 13
A Biography of Earth • 467
13.1 Introduction • 468
13.2 Methods for Studying the Past • 468
13.3 The Hadean and Before • 470
13.4 The Archean Eon: Birth of Continents and Life • 472
13.5 The Proterozoic Eon: The Earth in Transition • 476
BOX 13.1 Consider This
Where Was the Cradle of Life? • 477
BOX 13.2 Consider This
The Evolution of Atmospheric Oxygen • 481
13.6 The Paleozoic Era: Continents Reassemble and Life Gets
Complex • 482
BOX 13.3 Consider This
Stratigraphic Sequences and Sea-Level Change • 486
13.7 The Mesozoic Era: When Dinosaurs Ruled • 487
13.8 The Cenozoic Era: The Modern World Comes to Be • 495
Geology at a Glance
The Earth has a History • 498–499
End-of-chapter material • 500
PART V
Earth Resources
CHAPTER 14
Squeezing Power from a Stone: Energy Resources • 504
14.1 Introduction • 505
14.2 Sources of Energy in the Earth System • 507
14.3 Introducing Hydrocarbon Resources • 508
14.4 Conventional Hydrocarbon Systems • 510
BOX 14.1 Consider This
Types of Oil and Gas Traps • 514
14.5 Unconventional Hydrocarbon Reserves • 517
BOX 14.2 Consider This
Hydrofracturing (Fracking) • 522
14.6 Coal: Energy from the Swamps of the Past • 524
14.7 Nuclear Power • 529
14.8 Other Energy Sources • 531
14.9 Energy Choices, Energy Problems • 535
Geology at a Glance
Power from the Earth • 536–537
BOX 14.3 Consider This
Offshore Drilling and the Deepwater Horizon Disaster • 540
End-of-chapter material • 542
CHAPTER 15
Riches in Rock: Mineral Resources • 545
15.1 Introduction • 546
15.2 Metals and Their Discovery • 547
15.3 Ores, Ore Minerals, and Ore Deposits • 549
15.4 Ore-Mineral Exploration and Production • 555
15.5 Nonmetallic Mineral Resources • 557
BOX 15.1 Consider This
The Amazing Chilean Mine Rescue of 2010 • 558
BOX 15.2 Consider This
The Sidewalks of New York • 560
Geology at a Glance
Forming and Processing Earth’s Mineral Resources • 562–563
15.6 Global Mineral Needs • 564
End-of-chapter material • 567
PART VI
Processes and Problems
at the Earth’s Surface
INTERLUDE F
Ever-Changing Landscapes and the Hydrologic Cycle • 572
F.1 Introduction • 572
F.2 Shaping the Earth’s Surface • 574
BOX F.1 Consider This
Topographic Maps and Profi les • 575
F.3 Factors Controlling Landscape Development • 577
F.4 The Hydrologic Cycle • 579
Geology at a Glance
The Hydrologic Cycle • 580–581
F.5 Landscapes of Other Planets • 582
BOX F.2 Consider This
Water on Mars? • 584
CHAPTER 16
Unsafe Ground:
Landslides and Other Mass Movements • 586
16.1 Introduction • 587
16.2 Types of Mass Movement • 588
BOX 16.1 Consider This
What Goes Up Must Come Down • 592
16.3 Why Do Mass Movements Occur? • 598
BOX 16.2 Consider This
The Storegga Slide and North Sea Tsunamis • 599
Geology at a Glance
Mass Movement • 602–603
16.4 Where Do Mass Movements Occur? • 606
16.5 How Can We Protect against Mass-Movement Disasters? • 608
End-of-chapter material • 612
CHAPTER 17
Streams and Floods: The Geology of Running Water • 614
17.1 Introduction • 615
17.2 Draining the Land • 615
17.3 Describing Flow in Streams: Discharge and Turbulence 621
17.4 The Work of Running Water • 623
xviii Contents
17.5 How Do Streams Change along Their Length? • 626
17.6 Streams and Their Deposits in the Landscape • 628
17.7 The Evolution of Drainage • 636
17.8 Raging Waters • 640
Geology at a Glance
River Systems • 642–643
BOX 17.1 Consider This
The Johnstown Flood of 1889 • 645
17.9 Vanishing Rivers • 650
BOX 17.2 Consider This
Calculating the Threat Posed by Flooding • 651
End-of-chapter material • 652
CHAPTER 18
Restless Realm: Oceans and Coasts • 655
18.1 Introduction • 656
18.2 Landscapes beneath the Sea • 657
18.3 Ocean Water and Currents • 662
BOX 18.1 Consider This
The Coriolis Effect • 666
18.4 Tides • 667
BOX 18.2 Consider This
The Forces Causing Tides • 670
18.5 Wave Action • 672
18.6 Where Land Meets Sea: Coastal Landforms • 675
18.7 Causes of Coastal Variability • 683
Geology at a Glance
Oceans and Coasts • 684–685
18.8 Coastal Problems and Solutions • 688
End-of-chapter material • 692
CHAPTER 19
A Hidden Reserve: Groundwater • 694
19.1 Introduction • 695
19.2 Where Does Groundwater Reside? • 696
19.3 Characteristics of the Water Table • 701
19.4 Groundwater Flow • 703
19.5 Tapping Groundwater Supplies • 705
BOX 19.1 Consider This
Darcy’s Law for Groundwater Flow • 706
BOX 19.2 Consider This
Oases • 709
19.6 Hot Springs and Geysers • 710
19.7 Groundwater Problems • 713
19.8 Caves and Karst • 719
Geology at a Glance
Caves and Karst Landscapes • 724–725
End-of-chapter material • 726
CHAPTER 20
An Envelope of Gas:
Earth’s Atmosphere and Climate • 728
20.1 Introduction • 729
20.2 The Formation of the Atmosphere • 730
20.3 General Atmospheric Characteristics • 732
BOX 20.1 Consider This
Air Pollution • 733
BOX 20.2 Consider This
Why Is the Sky Blue • 734
20.4 Atmospheric Layers • 736
20.5 Wind and Global Circulation in the Atmosphere • 738
BOX 20.3 Consider This
The Earth’s Tilt: The Cause of Seasons • 742
20.6 Weather and Its Causes • 744
20.7 Storms: Nature’s Fury • 750
20.8 Global Climate • 761
End-of-chapter material • 766
CHAPTER 21
Dry Regions: The Geology of Deserts • 768
21.1 Introduction • 769
21.2 The Nature and Location of Deserts • 769
21.3 Producing Desert Landscapes • 773
21.4 Deposition in Deserts • 778
21.5 Desert Landforms and Life • 779
Geology at a Glance
The Desert Realm • 784–785
BOX 21.1 Consider This
Uluru (Ayers Rock) • 786
21.6 Desert Problems • 789
End-of-chapter material • 793
CHAPTER 22
Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages • 795
22.1 Introduction • 796
22.2 Ice and the Nature of Glaciers • 797
BOX 22.1 Consider This
Polar Ice Caps on Mars • 802
22.3 Carving and Carrying by Ice • 808
22.4 Deposition Associated with Glaciation • 813
22.5 Other Consequences of Continental Glaciation • 819
Geology at a Glance
Glaciers and Glacial Landforms • 820–821
22.6 The Pleistocene Ice Age • 826
BOX 22.2 Consider This
So You Want to See Glaciation? • 827
22.7 The Causes of Ice Ages • 831
End-of-chapter material • 836
CHAPTER 23
Global Change in the Earth System • 838
23.1 Introduction • 839
Geology at a Glance
The Earth System • 840–841
23.2 Unidirectional Changes • 842
23.3 Cyclic Changes • 844
23.4 Global Climate Change • 847
BOX 23.1 Consider This
Global Climate Change and the Birth of Legends • 852
BOX 23.2 Consider This
Goldilocks and the Faint Young Sun • 854
23.5 Human Impact on Land and Life • 858
Math Glossary Pdf
23.6 Recent Climate Change • 862
23.7 The Future of the Earth • 873
End-of-chapter material • 874
Appendix: Additional Maps and Charts • A-1
Glossary • G-1
Credits • C-1
Business Glossary Pdf
Index • I-1